ANCIENT HISTORY
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
(2500 BC - 1750 BC)
・The oldest name of this civilisation is The Indus Valley civilization.
This Civilisation belongs to broze age .
Archeological, we can say that the most justified name is Harappan Civilization because Harappa was the first discovered site.
By the help of Carbon - 14 dating method, the most accepted time period of Indus Valley civilization is 2500 BC -1750 BC.
CARBON - 14 DATING METHOD:- this is the way of determining the age of certain archeological artifacts. It is most widely used method. So let's discuss about it in more detail.
The Carbon - 14 radioactive is produced in the upper layer of atmosphere. When the Carbon-14 is oxidized then the Carbon - 14 Dioxide is formed and it is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis. So, when animal ( human being also) consume it as a food the Carbon - 14 element get entered in the body of animal(human being also). So, by measuring the amount of C-14 in a sample and compare to the fresh sample we can easily find out its age and time period.
The indus valley civilization was spread over Sindh , Baluchistan,Punjab ,Rajasthan , Haryana , Gujrat , western Uttar Pradesh, Northern Maharastra.
Here ,one awesome trick is given below which make it easy to learn
TRICK :- SINDH के बालू पर हारा राजा ,
गुम गया UP के महा नगर मे।
Sindh - sindh ,बालू- baluchistan ,प - punjab ,हारा-haryana , UP- Uttar Pradesh, महा-maharstra .
• Scholars generally believe that Harappa-Ghaggar-Mohenjodaro axis represent the heartland of Indus Civilization.
• The capital cities of indus valley civilization were Harappa ,Mohenjodaro and port cites were Lothal , Sutkagendor , Allahdino , Balakot , Kuntasi .
Here ,the trick is given to learn this easily:- उस दिन 80रु के गेंदें लो,
और बालो पर लगाओ।
दिन - Allahdino , 80 - Kuntasi,
गेंदेंं - Sutkagendor ,लो -Lothal
बालो - Balakot .
• The Northern most site of Indus Valley civilization was Ropar ( sutlej) which is in punjab but now the Northern most site is Manda (chenab ) in Jammu and Kashmir .
• The Southern most site of Indus Valley Civilization was earlier in Bhagtrav (Gujarat) but now it is in Daimabad ( Maharastra )
• The Eastern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization is in the Alamgirpur ( Uttar Pradesh)
• The Western most site of Indus Valley Civilization is in Sutkagendor ( Pakistan - Iran border )
TRICK :- रोमा कि के जाने पर भावुक दाईमा गिरा हुआ गेंदा उठा लायी ।
[रो -Ropar मा -Manda ]
[ भा - Bhagtrav। दाईमा - Daimabad]
[ गिरा -Sutkagendor गेंदा - Sutkagendor]
Now here , all the sites and the rivers flowing along its banks and its excavators are given . These are important to all students who are preparing for any competitive exam .
Sites River State Excavator
• Harappa Ravi Punjab Daya Ram Sahani
• Mohenjodaro Indus Sindh Rakhldas banerjee
• Chanhudaro Indus Sindh Mackay , NG Mazumdar
• Lothal Bhogava sindh SR Rao
• Kaalibanga Ghaggar Rajasthan Amalanand Ghosh , B.V lal , B.K Thappar
• Dholavira Luni Gujarat J.P joshi
Now we will know the archeological finds .
1 . HARAPPA :-
(i) 6 Granaries in a row.
(ii) stone symbol ( like yoni &lingams ) .
(iii) Painted Pottery .
(iv) Clay figure of mother goddess .
(v) wheat and barley .
(vi) copper mirror and scale .
Trick :- WHEAT /BARLEY GRANARIES के PAINTED STONES को MOTHER GODDESS ने COPPER SCALE से नाप कर MIRROR BOX के आगे रखा ।
2 . MOHENJODARO :-
(i) Great Bath . [ measurement - 12 meter wide , 24 meter long & 1.8 meter deep ] .
(ii) Great Granary .
(iii) Dancing Girl .
(iv) Man with beard .
(v) Cotton .
(vi) Assembly hall .
(vii) Pashupati Mahadev .
(viii) Human skeleton huddled together.
There is an one intresting fact about cotton .
[COTTON - Harappans were the first to produce cotton in the world . ]
3. CHANHUDARO :-
(i) city without a citadel .
(ii) Imprint of dog's paw on a brick .
(iii) Terracotta model of bullock cart .
4. LOTHAL -
(i) Dockyard .
(ii)Rice husk .
(iii) Fire altars .
(iv) Double burials ( buring a male and female in a same grave ).
5. KAALIBANGA -
(i) ploughed feild surface area.
(ii) 7 fire altars .
(iii) Decorated bricks .
6. DHOLAVIRA -
(i) Unique water harvesting system .
Note:- only site to be divided in three parts :- (a) Citadel.
(b) Middle town .
(c) lower town .
7. BANAWALI -
(i) lack of chess board or gridion pattern of town planning.
(ii) lack of systematic drainage system.
8 . SURKOTADA -
(i) Bones of Horse .
(ii) Pot burrials .
(iii) Oval grave .
Now let's understand the term “port burials ” .
PORT BURRIALS- the reuse of domestic vessels for a burials.
QUALITIES OF MAJOR CITES -
(i) Systematic town planning.
(ii) Burnt bricks in construction.
(iii) underground drainage system.
(iv) Fortified Citadel .
And most important point is the people of this Civilisation achived great accuracy in measuring length ,mass and time . This helped them in organising their construction .
The one more speciality is the main streets were buit in systematic grid pattern .The house built on the corner of streets were rounded in order to allow the passage of cart. The measurements of main roads was 10.5 meter wide and 800 meter long .
Now lets talk about the Main crops of this Civilisation .
• MAIN CROPS :- wheat ,barley and rice. The evidence of cultivation of rice have got from Lothal .
• TADE :- There was both internal and foreign trade in harappan Civilisation. The unit of measurement weight was probably in the ratio of 16 .
Now let's know about their Script .
They used pictographic script which is written from right to left in 1st line and left to right in 2nd line .
Most important note :- The SAWASTIK symbol can be traced to this Civilisation.
• Harappan people didn't worship their god in temple .
cheif male diety - Pashupati Mahadev {lord of animals } .
Cheif female diety - Mother Goddess { shakti } .
• There is no evidence of coins , so we can asume that there have been the normal method of exchange of goods.
• There is no evidence of the polity , but it seems that the ruling athority of Indus Valley Civilization was a class of merchants.
Note :- The Mohenjodaro is also known as thw mound of death .
I hope you will like this blog .
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